THE RED FLAG OF EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION (EUA)

The Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) policy, a representative biodefense policy, was legislated in the United States in 2001 based on lessons learned from Amerithrax, whereas Korea's EUA policy was based on lessons learned from the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in 2015. Due to these divergent origins, the U.S. EUA's homeland security objectives were specialized to deal with highly pathogenic biological agents that could be exploited for bioterrorism, whereas the Korean EUA pursues disease containment purposes to strengthen mass-testing practices. During the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. EUA revealed limitations in its integration with public health surveillance, laboratory partnerships, and insurance systems, which hampered the rapid expansion of testing capacities. Thereafter, once the limitations of the EUA were circumvented, the testing capacity of the United States began to catch up with that of South Korea, and later skyrocketed after solving these issues. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] La política de autorización de uso de emergencia (EUA), una política representativa de biodefensa, se legisló en los Estados Unidos en 2001 en base a las lecciones aprendidas de Amerithrax, mientras que la política de EUA de Corea se basó en las lecciones aprendidas del brote del síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio (MERS) en 2015 Debido a estos orígenes divergentes, los objetivos de seguridad nacional de la EUA EUA se especializaron para tratar con agentes biológicos altamente patógenos que podrían explotarse para el bioterrorismo, mientras que la EUA coreana persigue propósitos de contención de enfermedades para fortalecer las prácticas de pruebas masivas. Durante la fase inicial de la pandemia de COVID-19, la EUA EUA reveló limitaciones en su integración con la vigilancia de la salud pública, las asociaciones de laboratorios y los sistemas de seguros, lo que obstaculizó la rápida expansión de las capacidades de prueba. A partir de entonces, una vez que se eludieron las limitaciones de la EUA, la capacidad de prueba de los Estados Unidos comenzó a alcanzar a la de Corea del Sur y luego se disparó después de resolver estos problemas. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] 美国在2001年根据炭疽攻击事件(Amerithrax)的经验教训制定了一项具有代表性的生物防卫政策，即紧急使用授权(EUA)政策，而韩国的EUA政策则基于2015年爆发的中东呼吸综合征(MERS)的经验教训。鉴于这些不同的起源，美国EUA的国土安全目标专门应对可能被用于生物恐怖主义的高致病性生物制剂，而韩国EUA则追求疾病遏制目的，以加强大规模检测实践。在2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行的早期阶段，美国EUA在与公共卫生监测、实验室合作伙伴关系和保险系统的整合方面存在局限性，这阻碍了检测能力的快速扩展。此后，当绕过EUA的限制后，美国的检测能力开始赶上韩国，并在解决这些问题后，检测能力直线上升。 (Chinese) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of World Affairs is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Surrogate Marker Assessment Using Mediation and Instrumental Variable Analyses in a Case-Cohort Design

The identification of surrogate markers for gold standard outcomes in clinical trials enables future cost-effective trials that target the identified markers. Due to resource limitations, these surrogate markers may be collected only for cases and for a subset of the trial cohort, giving rise to what is termed the case-cohort design. Motivated by a COVID-19 vaccine trial, we propose methods of assessing the surrogate markers for a time-to-event outcome in a case-cohort design by using mediation and instrumental variable (IV) analyses. In the mediation analysis we decomposed the vaccine effect on COVID-19 risk into an indirect effect (the effect mediated through the surrogate marker such as neutralizing antibodies) and a direct effect (the effect not mediated by the marker), and we propose that the mediation proportions are surrogacy indices. In the IV analysis we aimed to quantify the causal effect of the surrogate marker on disease risk in the presence of surrogatedisease confounding which is unavoidable even in randomized trials. We employed weighted estimating equations derived from nonparametric maximum likelihood estimators (NPMLEs) under semiparametric probit models for the time-to-disease outcome. We plugged in the weighted NPMLEs to construct estimators for the aforementioned causal effects and surrogacy indices, and we determined the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators. Finite sample performance was evaluated in numerical simulations. Applying the proposed mediation and IV analyses to a mock COVID-19 vaccine trial data, we found that 84.2% of the vaccine efficacy was mediated by 50% pseudovirus neutralizing antibody and that neutralizing antibodies had significant protective effects for COVID-19 risk.

Culture Change in Long-Term Care-Post COVID-19: Adapting to a New Reality Using Established Ideas and Systems.

The response to the COVID-19 pandemic in long-term care (LTC) has threatened to undo efforts to transform the culture of care from institutionalized to de-institutionalized models characterized by an orientation towards person- and relationship-centred care. Given the pandemic's persistence, the sustainability of culture-change efforts has come under scrutiny. Drawing on seven culture-change models implemented in Canada, we identify organizational prerequisites, facilitatory mechanisms, and frontline changes relevant to culture change that can strengthen the COVID-19 pandemic response in LTC homes. We contend that a reversal to institutionalized care models to achieve public health goals of limiting COVID-19 and other infectious disease outbreaks is detrimental to LTC residents, their families, and staff. Culture change and infection control need not be antithetical. Both strategies share common goals and approaches that can be integrated as LTC practitioners consider ongoing interventions to improve residents' quality of life, while ensuring the well-being of staff and residents' families.

COVID-19 Pandemic Effects on Job Search and Employment of Graduates (2015-2020) of Canadian Dietetic Programmes.

Purpose: Self-reported coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic effects on dietetic job search, employment, and practice of recent graduates were explored within a national workforce survey.Methods: Graduates (2015-2020) who were registered/licensed dietitians or eligible to write the Canadian Dietetic Registration Exam were recruited through dietetic programmes, Dietitians of Canada's communication channels, and social media. The online survey, available in English and French from August through October 2020, included questions about pandemic experiences. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were applied to closed and open-ended responses, respectively.Results: Thirty-four percent of survey respondents (n = 524) indicated pandemic effects on job search and described delayed entry into dietetics, fewer job opportunities, and challenges including restricted work between sites. The pandemic affected employment for 44% of respondents; of these, 45% indicated working from home, 45% provided virtual counselling, 7% were redeployed within dietetics, 14% provided nondietetic COVID-19 support, and 6% were furloughed or laid off. Changed work hours, predominantly reduced, were identified by 29%. Changes in pay, identified by 12%, included loss (e.g., raises deferred) or gain (e.g., pandemic pay). Fear of infection and stress about careers and finances were expressed.Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly affected both acquiring positions and employment in 2020 for recent dietetic graduates.

Urbanization and vulnerable employment: Empirical evidence from 163 countries in 1991-2019.

Many urban residents have recently lost their jobs due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has made employment vulnerability in cities attained attention. It is thus important to explore the relationship between urbanization and employment. This study quantitatively analyzes spatiotemporal evolution and data correlation of urbanization and vulnerable employment, and explores the role urbanization plays in vulnerable employment by using historical data on 163 countries in the period 1991-2019 to test the theoretical hypothesis. The results show: It's clearly observed that there is a high correlation between the rate of urbanization and that of vulnerable employment, and the examples of G7 and BRICs are for it. The estimated urbanization yields a negative and statistically significant regression coefficient (-0.168), indicating that urbanization has a negative effect on vulnerable employment. If the urbanization rate increased by 1 %, the rate of vulnerable employment decreased by 0.168 %. The rural-urban sector conversion and changes in employment relationship driven by urbanization account for this. Countries with different income groups or populations have reacted differently to the rise in urbanization. Vulnerable employment in higher-income countries has been more significantly affected by the rise in urbanization, and more populous countries are more sensitive to it as well. These findings provide evidence for how urbanization promotes employment and decent work.

Decreasing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) at a community academic medical center using a multidisciplinary team employing a multi-pronged approach during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In the midst of the COVID - 19 pandemic, a multidisciplinary team implemented evidence-based strategies to eliminate catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), as defined by the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) surveillance definition for those units included in the NHSN standardized infection ratio. The team evaluated indwelling urinary catheters daily for indication, implemented a urinary catheter order set, established a urinary catheter insertion checklist, and promoted use of external urinary diversion devices. The facility NHSN standardized infection ratio for CAUTI was 0.37 in 2019, 0.23 in 2020, and 0.00 in 2021. A collaborative approach decreasing hospital acquired infections may be effective even in a climate of increased acuity, increased length of stay, and staffing challenges.

Hospital COVID-19 Burden Impact on Inpatient Antibiotic Use Rates

Background. COVID-19 shifted antibiotic stewardship program resources and changed antibiotic use (AU). Shifts in patient populations with COVID surges, including pauses to surgical procedures, and dynamic practice changes makes temporal associations difficult to interpret. Our analysis aimed to address the impact of COVID on AU after adjusting for other practice shifts. Methods. We performed a longitudinal analysis of AU data from 30 Southeast US hospitals. Three pandemic phases (1: 3/20-6/20;2: 7/20-10/20;3: 11/20-2/21) were compared to baseline (1/2018-1/2020). AU (days of therapy (DOT)/1000 patient days (PD)) was collected for all antimicrobial agents and specific subgroups: broad spectrum (NHSN group for hospital-onset infections), CAP (ceftriaxone, azithromycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and doxycycline), and antifungal. Monthly COVID burden was defined as all PD attributed to a COVID admission. We fit negative binomial GEE models to AU including phase and interaction terms between COVID burden and phase to test the hypothesis that AU changes during the phases were related to COVID burden. Models included adjustment for Charlson comorbidity, surgical volume, time since 12/2017 and seasonality. Results. Observed AU rates by subgroup varied over time;peaks were observed for different subgroups during distinct pandemic phases (Figure). Compared to baseline, we observed a significant increase in overall, broad spectrum, and CAP groups during phase 1 (Table). In phase 2, overall and CAP AU was significantly higher than baseline, but in phase 3, AU was similar to baseline. These phase changes were separate from effects of COVID burden, except in phase 1 where we observed significant effects on antifungal (increased) and CAP (decreased) AU (Table). Conclusion. Changes in hospital AU observed during early phases of the COVID pandemic appeared unrelated to COVID burden and may have been due to indirect pandemic effects (e.g., case mix, healthcare resource shifts). By pandemic phase 3, these disruptive effects were not as apparent, potentially related to shifts in non-COVID patient populations or ASP resources, availability of COVID treatments, or increased learning, diagnostic certainty, and provider comfort with avoiding antibacterials in patients with suspected COVID over time. (Figure Presented).

Sectoral analysis of electricity consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence for unregulated and regulated markets in Colombia.

We conduct a sectoral analysis of electricity consumption during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for the primary sectors that make up Colombia's unregulated and regulated markets. Applying a model of seemingly unrelated regression equations to examine data between February 2015 and May 2021, we evidence the recomposition of electricity consumption related to mandatory preventive isolation during the pandemic. Average consumption in the residential sector increased by 16.9% as working from home became prevalent. In contrast, unregulated market sectors subjected to quarantines presented a significant decrease in consumption, up to 32% in the financial sector. While industries that were not subjected to mandatory confinement, such as health, food (agriculture), and water supply, had no significant effect. Our results are relevant for informing demand forecasts and planning network expansions to guarantee the reliability of the supply as pandemic practices such as working from home become permanent.

Nexus between uncertainty, remittances, and households consumption: Evidence from dynamic SUR application

Household consumption induces aggregated economic activities by pushing market demand, capital accumulation and financial growth in the economy;on the other hand, instability in household consumption adversely affects the overall economic progress. Thus, exploring the key determinants responsible for household consumption instability is essential. The motivation of the study is to gauge the role of pandemic uncertainties and remittance inflow on household consumption in lower, Lower-middle, and Upper-Middle-income Countries for the period 1996 to 2020. The study employed several econometrical tools, including a panel cointegration test with the error correction term, dynamic SUR. The panel unit root test following CADF and CIPS documented variables are stationary after the first difference, and long-run associations are confirmed with the panel cointegration test. The coefficient of Dynamic Seemingly Unrelated Regression exposed pandemic uncertainties and has a negative impact on household consumption in all three-panel estimations;however, the coefficient of PUI is more prominent with COVID-19 effects. Remittances’ role in household consumption was positive and statistically significant, suggesting migrant remittances encourage additional consumption among households. On the policy aspect, the study proposed that the government should undertake macro policies to manage policy uncertainties so that the normal course of consumption level should not be interrupted because household consumption volatility creates discomfort in aggregated development. Moreover, efficient reallocation and remittance channels should be ensured in the economy;therefore, efficient institutional development has to be confirmed. Copyright © 2022 Yin, Qamruzzaman, Xiao, Mehta, Naqvi and Baig.

The Political Economy of Housing Investment in the Short‐Term Rental Market: Insights from Urban Portugal

Short‐term rentals (STRs) emerged as holiday accommodations, disrupting the hospitality industry in the decade before COVID‐19. Mainstream explanations for their growth revolved around digital tourism platforms like Airbnb as market disruptors and the sharing economy rationale. At the same time, critical scholars explored the capitalisation of greater rent gaps in urban central locations. However, these explanations are insufficient to explain the growth of STRs. We supplement them by building bridges between the urban political economy and the geographies of financialisation through the cases of Lisbon and Porto before the pandemic. The paper focuses on tourism‐induced housing investment, taking a closer look at the profile of investors in association with STR property managers in the context of the late‐entrepreneurial urban regime. We conclude that tourism development has allowed opportunities for housing financialisation through STR professionalisation, enhancing the allocation of interest‐bearing capital in tourism‐oriented real estate. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Resumen Los alquileres de corta duración (STRs en sus siglas en inglés) surgieron como alojamientos vacacionales, revolucionando la industria turística en la década anterior al Covid‐19. Las principales explicaciones sobre su irrupción apuntan a que las plataformas de turismo digital, como Airbnb, alteraron el mercado a través de la lógica de la economía colaborativa, mientras que voces críticas también han explorado la capitalización de brechas de renta más amplias en áreas urbanas centrales. Sin embargo, estas explicaciones son insuficientes para comprender el rápido crecimiento de esta tipología de alojamiento. Aquí se complementan tales ideas mediante la articulación entre la economía política urbana y las geografías de la financiarización a través de los casos de Lisboa y Oporto antes de la pandemia. El artículo se centra en la inversión inmobiliaria inducida por el turismo, examinando el perfil de los inversores privados en conjunción con las empresas de gestión de propiedades para alquiler turístico en el contexto del urbanismo empresarial tardío. Así, concluimos que el desarrollo turístico reciente ha ampliado el horizonte de financiarización de la vivienda gracias a la profesionalización del alquiler vacacional, maximizando los beneficios del capital invertido en bienes inmobiliarios para uso turístico. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Antipode is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Interrogating and recuperating masculinities in therapeutic practice

In this invited commentary I reflect on issues concerning masculinities in therapeutic spaces. I draw on contemporary masculinity concepts as well as the psychonalytic, postmodern and post-qualitative aspects of the various articles. I consider how traditional and modern expectations concerning masculinities create problems and possibilities for men in different situations, for example men from different generations (e.g. me, my father, my son). Similarly, I discuss how therapists might unwittingly [re]construct traditional masculinities in their practice – but are also ideally positioned to deconstruct masculinities which are implicated in their client’s suffering. At the same time, I note that the promotion of healthy, caring and inclusive masculinities need not be confined to the therapy room since there are now various mental health intervention which are community-based, entail peer support and which are tailored to specific constituencies of men. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] RESUMEN Este estudio explicó la importancia del enfoque de la Terapia Breve Centrada en Soluciones (SFBT) en el trato con las personas para encontrar soluciones tanto después como durante la ocurrencia de la ansiedad psicológica, la aplicación de SBFT se puede hacer de manera práctica, efectiva y eficiente. Este estudio utiliza un análisis comparativo, que se refiere a varias publicaciones relevantes entre SFBT y la ansiedad psicológica, especialmente en el brote de COVID-19 en forma de artículos de revistas científicas, libros de referencia y otra información de fuentes confiables. Los resultados revelaron que existe una correlación significativa entre las teorías, tanto los supuestos básicos como los conceptos relacionados con el proceso de intervención de SFBT en un esfuerzo por ayudar a las personas a encontrar soluciones a los problemas que experimentan o experimentarán. Este estudio puede entonces ser una referencia científica para la aplicación del enfoque SFBT como un esfuerzo para mejorar la capacidad de encontrar soluciones. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] ABSTRAIT Cette étude a expliqué l'importance de l'approche de la thérapie brève axée sur les solutions (SFBT) dans le traitement des individus pour trouver des solutions à la fois après et pendant l'apparition de l'anxiété psychologique, l'application de la SBFT peut être effectuée de manière pratique, efficace et efficiente. Cette étude utilise une analyse comparative, qui fait référence à diverses publications pertinentes entre SFBT et l'anxiété psychologique, en particulier dans l'épidémie de COVID-19 sous la forme d'articles de revues scientifiques, d'ouvrages de référence et d'autres informations provenant de sources fiables. Les résultats ont révélé qu'il existe une corrélation significative entre les théories, les hypothèses de base et les concepts liés au processus d'intervention SFBT dans le but d'aider les individus à trouver des solutions aux problèmes qui sont ou seront vécus. Cette étude peut alors constituer une référence scientifique pour l'application de l'approche SFBT dans le but d'améliorer la capacité à trouver des solutions. (French) [ FROM AUTHOR] ABSTRAKT Diese Studie erläuterte die Bedeutung des Ansatzes der lösungsorientierten Kurzzeittherapie (SFBT) im Umgang mit Einzelpersonen, um Lösungen sowohl nach als auch während des Auftretens von psychischer Angst zu finden. Die Anwendung von SBFT kann praktisch, effektiv und effizient erfolgen. Diese Studie verwendet eine vergleichende Analyse, die sich auf verschiedene relevante Literatur zwischen SFBT und psychischer Angst bezieht, insbesondere zum COVID-19-Ausbruch in Form von Artikeln in wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften, Nachschlagewerken und anderen Informationen aus vertrauenswürdigen Quellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass es eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen Theorien, sowohl Grundannahmen als auch Konzepten im Zusammenhang mit dem SFBT-Interventionsprozess gibt, um Einzelpersonen dabei zu helfen, Lösungen für Probleme zu finden, die auftreten oder auftreten werden. Diese Studie kann dann als wissenschaftliche Referenz für die Anwendung des SFBT-Ansatzes zur Verbesserung der Lösungsfähigkeit dienen. (German) [ FROM AUTHOR] ΠΕΡΊΛΗΨΗ Αυτή η μελέτη εξήγησε τη σημασία της προσέγγισης της συνοπτικής θεραπείας με επίκεντρο τη λύση (SFBT) στην αντιμετώπιση ατόμων για την εξεύρεση λύσεων τόσο μετά όσο και κατά τη διάρκεια της εμφάνισης ψυχολογικού άγχους, η εφαρμογή της SBFT μπορεί να γίνει πρακτικά, αποτελεσματικά και αποδοτικά. Αυτή η μελέτη χρησιμοποιεί συγκριτική ανάλυση, η οποία αναφέρεται σε ποικίλη σχετική βιβλιογραφία μεταξύ του SFBT και του ψυχολογικού άγχους, ειδικά στην επιδημία COVID-19 με τη μορφή άρθρων επιστημονικών περιοδικών, βιβλίων αναφοράς και άλλων πληροφοριών από αξιόπιστες πηγές. Τα αποτελέσματα αποκάλυψαν ότι υπάρχει σημαντική συσχέτιση μεταξύ των θεωριών, τόσο βασικών υποθέσεων όσο και εννοιών που σχετίζονται με τη διαδικασία παρέμβασης SFBT σε μια προσπάθεια να βοηθηθούν τα άτομα να βρουν λύσεις σε προβλήματα που έχουν ή θα βιώσουν. Αυτή η μελέτη μπορεί στη συνέχεια να αποτελέσει μια επιστημονική αναφορά για την εφαρμογή της προσέγγισης SFBT ως μια προσπάθεια βελτίωσης της ικανότητας εύρεσης λύσεων. (Modern Greek) [ FROM AUTHOR] RIASSUNTO Questo studio ha spiegato l'importanza dell'approccio Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) nel trattare con gli individui per trovare soluzioni sia dopo che durante il verificarsi di ansia psicologica, l'applicazione di SBFT può essere eseguita in modo pratico, efficace ed efficiente. Questo studio utilizza l'analisi comparativa, che fa riferimento a varie pubblicazioni rilevanti tra SFBT e ansia psicologica, in particolare nell'epidemia di COVID-19 sotto forma di articoli di riviste scientifiche, libri di consultazione e altre informazioni da fonti attendibili. I risultati hanno rivelato che esiste una correlazione significativa tra le teorie, sia i presupposti di base che i concetti relativi al processo di intervento SFBT nel tentativo di aiutare le persone a trovare soluzioni ai problemi che sono o saranno vissuti. Questo studio può quindi essere un riferimento scientifico per l'applicazione dell'approccio SFBT come sforzo per migliorare la capacità di trovare soluzioni. (Italian) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

THE GLOBAL COVID-19 CRISIS IN THE LATIN AMERICAN REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE

The global pandemic changed the world forever and altered our understanding of the current and future challenges that humanity faces. It influenced public sentiment, caused new trends, varied group aspirations and led to destructive processes. This article presents a cognitive model for analyzing the pandemic-related crisis in the Latin American region within the paradigm of neo-Marxism. For operational purposes, a decomposition of the conceptual “North-South” and “center-peripheral” divide was carried out, the features of modern international relations and the interpretation of global governance mechanisms were rethought. The article shows how the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the ruthless anti-humanism and selfishness of the “North” and the tendency to conserve extreme poverty of the “South”. It also revealed such deleterious effects of the pandemic as intensified trade wars and disrupted international logistics. The idea of globalization as the best model of interaction between “center” and “periphery” is in doubt. © 2022. All Rights Reserved.

L’utilisation de l’activité partielle en France pendant la crise de la Covid-19: Une analyse empirique sous l’angle du genre

L’activité partielle est une mesure phare mise en avant par les pouvoirs publics pour lutter contre les répercussions de la crise sanitaire sur l’emploi. En utilisant des données originales d’enquête, cet article interroge les aspects genrés liés à l’utilisation de l’activité partielle en France pendant la crise de la Covid-19. Globalement, nous avons pu constater que le recours des femmes et des hommes à l’activité partielle était assez semblable. Quelques différences ont été mises en avant mais d’assez faible intensité. Notamment les femmes avec enfant ont plus été en activité partielle, constat à relier au fait que l’activité partielle indemnisait également des situations pour garde d’enfant. Les conséquences économiques de plus long terme seront à étudier, notre enquête montrant que les femmes et les hommes ayant connu l’activité partielle ne sont pas prêts aux mêmes concessions pour garder leur emploi.Alternate :Short-time working scheme is a flagship measure promoted by the French authorities to fight against the repercussions for employment of the Covid-19 crisis. With original survey data, this research questions gender aspects of using short-time working scheme during the health crisis in France. Overall, we find that men and women are linked to short-time working in a similar way. Nevertheless, some weak differences are also highlighted by our study. In particular, women with children were more likely to be on short-time working, as, in France, short-time working schemes have also compensated for childcare situations. Longer-run economic consequences should be considered in future research, as our survey shows that women and men on short-time working are not prepared to make the same concessions to keep their jobs.

Les retombées du COVID-19 sur le marché du travail: qui en souffre, qui y échappe, avec quel effet sur les inégalités?

Résumé Face au COVID-19, les autorités nationales ont adopté des mesures de nature et de portée variées, avec des effets notables sur les marchés du travail, notamment pour certains groupes. Les auteurs utilisent les enqu?tes sur la population active de sept pays à revenu intermédiaire ou élevé pour observer les transitions professionnelles au premier semestre de 2020 et comparer la situation avec la m?me période de 2019. Ils concluent que la volatilité est plus faible dans les pays qui ont choisi de soutenir les revenus en subventionnant les salaires plutôt que par d'autres moyens, mais que la pandémie a creusé les inégalités partout.

US SECURITY COOPERATION WITH THE LATIN AMERICA COUNTRIES BEFORE AND AFTER J. BIDEN ADMINISTRATION CAME TO POWER*

This article is a continuation of a study begun in 2020 and devoted to the strategic and practical aspects of US military policy in Latin America at the present. The authors analyze the changes occurred in the US military policy towards Latin American countries under the influence of COVID-19 and after Joseph Biden has taken office. The current areas of cooperation between the United States and the region are considered, chiefly through the work of the US Southern Command. The authors highlight non-military security programs carried out by the State Department. They come round to thinking that there is an urgent need to redistribute resources for humanitarian missions due to their swelling importance for the vital interests of the United States in the region. At the same time, US military policy continues to be reduced to "combating drug trafficking, organized crime and illegal migration." Some of the last political steps taken by Washington in the region have aimed at stemming the Chinese and Russian sprawling influence. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.

Refugees in containment: patterns of (im)mobility and the right of asylum at the Southern Border

Spaces for containing migrants arriving in Spain have proliferated, whether closed - Foreigner Internment Centres (CIE, in its Spanish acronym) and Centres for Temporary Assistance to Foreigners (CATE) - or semi-open - Temporary Stay Centres for Immigrants (CETI). Asylum application procedures and government practice in each of these settings mean that significant geographical and national differences exist in terms of numbers of requests for international protection. Based on a quantitative, normative and documentary analysis of the requests made in recent years, above all at the Spanish southern border, it is argued that via the containment/confinement mechanisms in place the current border control system conditions asylum applications in order to accelerate them when the government seeks immediate deportation, to discourage their formalisation or transfer to another European state. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.

Invisible or ignored? COVID-19 and Venezuelan asylum seekers in Peru

Peru receives the second-highest number of Venezuelans after Colombia and more Venezuelan asylum seekers than any other country in the world. This article explores how COVID-19 has affected the living conditions of this group in Peru. The role of the Peruvian state in producing irregularity is analysed, as well as how this condition exacerbates the Venezuelan population's socioeconomic vulnerability. The findings show the state's active participation in producing this irregularity, mainly by restricting access to the refugee system and failing to consider applying the expanded definition of the 1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, which has increased socioeconomic vulnerability, especially during the pandemic. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.

[POCT-management during the first wave of Covid-19 in France. Results of a national survey leaded by the SFBC-POCT Working Group]. / Gestion de la biologie délocalisée lors de la première vague de Covid-19 en France. Résultats de l'enquête nationale menée par le groupe de travail des EBMD de la SFBC.

During the first wave of Covid-19 in France, in spring 2020, healthcare institution's laboratory had to adapt itself quickly to the growing demand for emergency biology, in particular by reorganizing their POCT analyzers: redeployment of analyzers and/or new installations. In order to analyze this management, a subgroup of 15 hospital biologists from the SFBC Working Group "Biochemical markers of Covid-19" sent, in fall 2020, an on-line survey to French hospital laboratories using POCT. Answers analysis (n = 86) shows a territorial disparity related to the severity of the first wave: increased activity essentially in red zones, management of unexpected situations, training of additional nursing staff for 40 % of the laboratories... The survey also showed simplification of aspects related to accreditation those periods of health crisis. An additional survey, carried out in the spring of 2021, showed good overall satisfaction of the healthcare services (n = 139) concerning the services provided by biology in the POCT sector. Because of their great adaptation capacity, the laboratories and their POCT-teams have played a key role in the management of the first wave of Covid-19 in France. However, the success of these organizations requires an essential collaboration between laboratories and healthcare services. The results of this survey are fundamental in the context of the prolongation of the pandemia throughout the world with a POCT sector appearing to be growing.